Minimally Invasive Orthopedic Surgery: From the Old to the New

Minimally invasive orthopedic surgery (MIOS) has revolutionized the field of orthopedics, offering numerous benefits compared to traditional open surgical techniques. This approach utilizes small incisions and advanced technologies to treat musculoskeletal conditions, leading to faster recovery times, reduced pain, and minimized scarring for patients. As the demand for more efficient and less invasive medical treatments increases, MIOS continues to expand its applications and improve outcomes for patients.

History and Evolution

The concept of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) emerged in the late 20th century, driven by technological advancements and a growing understanding of human anatomy. The introduction of arthroscopy in the 1970s was a significant milestone, allowing surgeons to diagnose and treat joint problems using a small camera and specialized tools. In the decades that followed, technological innovations such as high-definition imaging, robotics, and improved surgical instruments propelled MIS to new heights, making it a viable option for a wide range of orthopedic conditions.

Principles and technics

The fundamental principles of minimally invasive orthopedic surgery (MIOS) include the use of smaller incisions, the preservation of healthy tissues, and the application of precise surgical techniques. These principles are achieved through various methods:

1. ArthroscopyThis technique involves the insertion of a microscopic camera (arthroscope) into the joint through a small incision. The camera provides live images of the inside of the joint, allowing the surgeon to diagnose and treat problems with minimal impact on the surrounding tissues. Arthroscopy is commonly used for surgical procedures on the knee, shoulder, and hip.
2. EndoscopySimilar to arthroscopy, endoscopy involves the use of a flexible tube with a camera to visualize and treat issues within the spine and other hard-to-reach areas. This approach is particularly beneficial for spinal surgeries, where precision is essential.
3. Percutaneous Techniques: These involve performing surgical procedures through small openings instead of large incisions. Techniques such as percutaneous osteosynthesis for fractures and percutaneous vertebroplasty for spinal fractures are examples of the advantages of this approach.
4. Robot-Assisted Surgery: Robotics enhances the accuracy and control of surgical procedures. Systems such as Mako Robotic-Arm Assisted Surgery and the ROSA® Knee System enable surgeons to perform complex tasks with high precision, reducing the risk of complications and improving recovery times.

Advantages of minimal invasive technics των ελάχιστα επεμβατικών τεχνικών.

Η υιοθέτηση ελάχιστα επεμβατικών τεχνικών στην ορθοπαιδική προσφέρει αρκετά διακριτά πλεονεκτήματα:

1. Reduced Trauma and Pain: Smaller incisions result in less damage to muscles, ligaments, and other soft tissues. This leads to a decrease in postoperative pain and less need for pain medications.

2. Faster Recovery: Patients undergoing minimally invasive surgical techniques typically experience shorter hospital stays and quicker returns to daily activities. The minimized tissue damage facilitates faster healing and recovery.

3. Reduced Risk of Infections: Smaller wounds are less susceptible to infections. Additionally, the decreased exposure of subcutaneous tissues to the external environment lowers the risk of contamination.

4. Improved Aesthetic Outcomes: Minimally invasive techniques result in smaller scars compared to traditional open surgical procedures. This is particularly important for younger patients and those undergoing surgery in visible areas.

Increased Surgical Precision: Advanced imaging and robotic assistance allow for greater surgical accuracy, which is crucial in sensitive structures such as the spine and joints where optimal postoperative function is desired.

Application and innovation

Minimally invasive techniques have found applications in a wide range of orthopedic conditions:

• Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: Minimally invasive techniques for hip and knee replacement.
• involve smaller incisions and specialized tools, reducing recovery time and improving functional outcomes.

• Spinal Surgery: Techniques such as minimally invasive lumbar decompression and transforaminal lumbar fusion provide effective solutions for spinal disorders with less trauma and faster recovery.

• Sports Injuries: Athletes benefit from minimally invasive techniques such as arthroscopic ligament repair and surgical treatment for meniscus tears, which allow for a quicker return to sports activities.

Fracture Osteosynthesis: Percutaneous methods for fracture osteosynthesis minimize soft tissue damage and promote faster healing.